PARIS (AFP) – Creatures large and small may play an unsuspectedly important role in the stirring of ocean waters, according to a study released Wednesday.
So-called ocean mixing entails the transfer of cold and warm waters between the equator and poles, as well as between the icy, nutrient-rich depths and the sun-soaked top layer.
It plays a crucial part in marine biodiversity and, scientists now suspect, in maintaining Earth's climate.
The notion that fish and other sea swimmers might somehow contribute significantly to currents as they moved forward was first proposed in the mid-1950s by Charles Darwin, grandson of the the legendary evolutionary biologist of the same name.
But this was dismissed by modern scientists as a fishy story.
In 1960s, experiments compared the wake turbulence created by sea creatures with overall ocean turbulence. They showed that the whirls kicked up by microscopic plankton or even fish quickly dissipated in dense, viscous water.
On this evidence, sea creatures seemed to contribute nothing to ocean mixing. The clear conclusion was that the only drivers of note were shifting winds and tides, tied to the gravitational tug-of-war within our Solar System.
But the new study, published in the British science journal Nature, goes a long way toward rehabilitating the 20th century Darwin, and uses the quiet pulse of the jellyfish to prove the case.
Authors Kakani Katija and Joan Dabiri of the California Institute of Technology devised a laser-based system for measuring the movement of liquid.
They donned scuba gear and then released dye in the path of swarm of jellyfish in a saltwater lake on the Pacific island of Palau.
The video images they captured showed a remarkable amount of cold water followed the jellyfish as they moved vertically, from deeper chillier waters toward the warmer layers of the surface.
Katija and Dabiri say the 1960s investigators had simply been looking in the wrong place.
They had been on the alert for waves or eddies -- signs that the sea was being stirred up in the creatures' wake -- rather than vertical displacement of water.
What determines the amount of water that is mixed is the size and shape of the animal, its population and migratory patterns.
Churning of the seas is a factor in the carbon cycle.
At the surface, plankton gobble up carbon dioxide (CO2) through photosynthesis. When they die, their carbon-rich remains may fall gently to the ocean floor, effectively storing the CO2 for millennia -- or, alternatively, may be brought back to upper layers by sea currents.
William Dewar of Florida State University in a commentary, also published in Nature, said the new paper challenged conventional thinking.
\"Should the overall idea of significant biogenic mixing survive detailed scrutiny, climate science will have experienced a paradigm shift,\" he said.
Well, to be fair he said PROOF was found, not that it was PROVENMindDetective said:You can't prove theories. other than that, nifty.
If we're going to talk semantics, "proof of a theory" implies proof that the theory exists. Support for a theory, on the other hand...Calleja said:Well, to be fair he said PROOF was found, not that it was PROVENMindDetective said:You can't prove theories. other than that, nifty.
JCM said:
Fair enough... we can imply he meant proof to SUPPORT the theory, right?MindDetective said:If we're going to talk semantics, "proof of a theory" implies proof that the theory exists. Support for a theory, on the other hand...Calleja said:Well, to be fair he said PROOF was found, not that it was PROVENMindDetective said:You can't prove theories. other than that, nifty.
Well, that's clearly what he meant. Just had scratch that nagging itch, y'know?Calleja said:Fair enough... we can imply he meant proof to SUPPORT the theory, right?MindDetective said:If we're going to talk semantics, "proof of a theory" implies proof that the theory exists. Support for a theory, on the other hand...Calleja said:Well, to be fair he said PROOF was found, not that it was PROVENMindDetective said:You can't prove theories. other than that, nifty.
It's still not saying the theory was PROVED, which would be impossible or it stops being a theory.
In the scientific sense, I'm not sure you're right. If a theory is simply a statement/idea designed to explain or make sense of empirical observations, then it doesn't cease to be a theory because of overwhelming evidence.Calleja said:Fair enough... we can imply he meant proof to SUPPORT the theory, right?MindDetective said:If we're going to talk semantics, "proof of a theory" implies proof that the theory exists. Support for a theory, on the other hand...Calleja said:Well, to be fair he said PROOF was found, not that it was PROVENMindDetective said:You can't prove theories. other than that, nifty.
It's still not saying the theory was PROVED, which would be impossible or it stops being a theory.
Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.Rob King said:Which is why I want to punch creationists in the face when they say "If you're so sure about evolution, why do you still call it the "Theory of Evolution?" 'Theory' in the scientific sense has little to do with 'Theory' in the phrase 'my theory is ... '
Right. I suppose I spoke quicker than I thought there. But I still want to punch creationists in the face.@Li3n said:Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.
Also, it's not like there aren't mutually exclusive theories in the hard sciences either. Of course evolution has not valid scientific rivals, even if there is a God that created anything, as omnipotence laughs in the face of logic...
Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.@Li3n said:[quote="Rob King":39jq134k]
Which is why I want to punch creationists in the face when they say "If you're so sure about evolution, why do you still call it the "Theory of Evolution?" 'Theory' in the scientific sense has little to do with 'Theory' in the phrase 'my theory is ... '
NO!Chazwozel said:Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.@Li3n said:[quote="Rob King":jc7lyp56]
Which is why I want to punch creationists in the face when they say "If you're so sure about evolution, why do you still call it the "Theory of Evolution?" 'Theory' in the scientific sense has little to do with 'Theory' in the phrase 'my theory is ... '
Also, it's not like there aren't mutually exclusive theories in the hard sciences either. Of course evolution has not valid scientific rivals, even if there is a God that created anything, as omnipotence laughs in the face of logic...
Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards. [/quote:ql72booh]@Li3n said:[quote="Rob King":ql72booh]
Which is why I want to punch creationists in the face when they say "If you're so sure about evolution, why do you still call it the "Theory of Evolution?" 'Theory' in the scientific sense has little to do with 'Theory' in the phrase 'my theory is ... '
So long, so long and thanks for all the fish?Aisaku said:Oh noes...what if all marine life allies against humanity?! aranoid:
I was thinking more along the lines of "The Simpsons" and the Dolphins taking back the land.Wahad said:So long, so long and thanks for all the fish?Aisaku said:Oh noes...what if all marine life allies against humanity?! aranoid:
Right. I suppose I spoke quicker than I thought there. But I still want to punch creationists in the face.[/quote:1h2fjies]Rob King said:[quote="@Li3n":1h2fjies] Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.
Also, it's not like there aren't mutually exclusive theories in the hard sciences either. Of course evolution has not valid scientific rivals, even if there is a God that created anything, as omnipotence laughs in the face of logic...
Right. I suppose I spoke quicker than I thought there. But I still want to punch creationists in the face.[/quote:1379c8r0]Rob King said:[quote="Rob King":1379c8r0][quote="@Li3n":1379c8r0] Actually they're the same... but a scientific one is more testable then let's say a philosophical one... and a theory by a layman tend to be more lax in it's standards.
Also, it's not like there aren't mutually exclusive theories in the hard sciences either. Of course evolution has not valid scientific rivals, even if there is a God that created anything, as omnipotence laughs in the face of logic...
Rob King said:I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
I believe they are: http://controversy.wearscience.com/Rob King said:I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those \"Teach the Controversy\" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
Totally agreed. My lab has two stuffed animals that you're supposed to high-five before each experiment, and I have a 'lucky beetle' keychain I bought in Japan.Chazwozel said:There is no faith in science, only logic and fact. (well, not that kind of faith. I have to admit, I do my little voodoo dance to make sure my qPCR data is good.
My friend who is working with the Computer Science department of the local university 'prays' to Saint Isidore every time he compiles his code by saying "Make it work, Izzy."Enresshou said:Totally agreed. My lab has two stuffed animals that you're supposed to high-five before each experiment, and I have a 'lucky beetle' keychain I bought in Japan.Chazwozel said:There is no faith in science, only logic and fact. (well, not that kind of faith. I have to admit, I do my little voodoo dance to make sure my qPCR data is good.
Believe me, its not a dismissal.Rob King said:I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
As one with borderline Deist convictions, I would point to our existence at all as the proof. I'm not ignorant enough to pretend that it will convince anybody, but to me it seems obvious. Disagreeing with it, to me, is like sitting in somebody's kitchen and asking "Where is the architect? If he doesn't show himself, there was no architect."JCM said:Believe me, its not a dismissal.Rob King said:I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
The whole test of faith is that to believe, you might have no proof, otherwise everyone would believe in God if he appeared, let himself be tested and recorded by science. :slywink:
Chazwozel said:The layman's definition of theory is inquiry about a phenomenon and a conclusion based on his gut reaction or basic logic without any gathering of data. "My theory is that the white dots in the night sky are holes poked into the fabric of space with a light shining from behind."
One is an amalgamation of data collected and conclusions reached based on that data and logic, the other is a hunch.
As one with borderline Deist convictions, I would point to our existence at all as the proof. I'm not ignorant enough to pretend that it will convince anybody, but to me it seems obvious. Disagreeing with it, to me, is like sitting in somebody's kitchen and asking "Where is the architect? If he doesn't show himself, there was no architect."Rob King said:Believe me, its not a dismissal.JCM said:[quote="Rob King":31clhu3h]I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
The whole test of faith is that to believe, you might have no proof, otherwise everyone would believe in God if he appeared, let himself be tested and recorded by science. :slywink:
100% THIS. I hate when people ask if I believe in Evolution. My answer is always, "Do you believe in gravity?"Chazwozel said:Rob King said:I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
Belief is fine and dandy. I'm an active Christian and have my own beliefs and faith, however, I would not, nor will I ever impose those beliefs or faith in my science classroom! It's just not science.
You can believe in creationism all you want, but it's not science. It just isn't. Evolution isn't out there to make itself a religion based on faith. There is no faith in science, only logic and fact. (well, not that kind of faith. I have to admit, I do my little voodoo dance to make sure my qPCR data is good. )
100% THIS. I hate when people ask if I believe in Evolution. My answer is always, "Do you believe in gravity?"drawn_inward said:Chazwozel said:[quote="Rob King":1jplpek7]I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
Belief is fine and dandy. I'm an active Christian and have my own beliefs and faith, however, I would not, nor will I ever impose those beliefs or faith in my science classroom! It's just not science.
You can believe in creationism all you want, but it's not science. It just isn't. Evolution isn't out there to make itself a religion based on faith. There is no faith in science, only logic and fact. (well, not that kind of faith. I have to admit, I do my little voodoo dance to make sure my qPCR data is good. )
As one with borderline Deist convictions, I would point to our existence at all as the proof. I'm not ignorant enough to pretend that it will convince anybody, but to me it seems obvious. Disagreeing with it, to me, is like sitting in somebody's kitchen and asking "Where is the architect? If he doesn't show himself, there was no architect."Rob King said:Believe me, its not a dismissal.JCM said:[quote="Rob King":1lfvpymv]I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
The whole test of faith is that to believe, you might have no proof, otherwise everyone would believe in God if he appeared, let himself be tested and recorded by science. :slywink:
As one with borderline Deist convictions, I would point to our existence at all as the proof. I'm not ignorant enough to pretend that it will convince anybody, but to me it seems obvious. Disagreeing with it, to me, is like sitting in somebody's kitchen and asking "Where is the architect? If he doesn't show himself, there was no architect."Rob King said:Believe me, its not a dismissal.JCM said:[quote="Rob King":l17qo5rc]I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
The whole test of faith is that to believe, you might have no proof, otherwise everyone would believe in God if he appeared, let himself be tested and recorded by science. :slywink:
Well, from a Christian perspective, he's already revealed himself as much as he's going to: through Jesus. An Atheist or Agnostic can argue that that's not fair, and that doesn't count because they don't believe that Jesus was anything special, and besides, that was two thousand years ago! But again - from where a Christian stands, that just proves my point: revelation doesn't necessarily mean belief.tegid said:But what if they knew a way in which the house could have been built without an architect? (Nevermind...)
Also, God revealing himself is something more than him appearing in the highway and making a car fly. It's REVEALING. I mean, you can't not believe then, by definition, unless you are an extreme skeptic (I mean, it would be like not believing in you computer monitor...)
Your analogy is flawed, though: we see houses being built and kitchens being created. We are not seeing God create new beings or new planets. Everything was already here so it's a bad analogy. With creationism, you're taking a while uneducated guess about what happened before our time. We weren't there, we didn't see, and all we can do is study the traces left behind and those point towards all the theories that disprove creationism.Rob King said:As one with borderline Deist convictions, I would point to our existence at all as the proof. I'm not ignorant enough to pretend that it will convince anybody, but to me it seems obvious. Disagreeing with it, to me, is like sitting in somebody's kitchen and asking "Where is the architect? If he doesn't show himself, there was no architect."
Not much of revealing from a factual point, because one could say-Rob King said:Well, from a Christian perspective, he's already revealed himself as much as he's going to: through Jesus.tegid said:But what if they knew a way in which the house could have been built without an architect? (Nevermind...)
Also, God revealing himself is something more than him appearing in the highway and making a car fly. It's REVEALING. I mean, you can't not believe then, by definition, unless you are an extreme skeptic (I mean, it would be like not believing in you computer monitor...)
Well, from a Muslim perspective, he's already revealed himself as much as he's going to: through Muhammed.
What Im saying is that belief cant be proven. People exist? Could be God. Could be Ganesh. Could be the rainbow snake. Easch one has different beliefs that require one to believe.Well, from an Indian perspective, he's already revealed himself as much as he's going to: through the Kamas.
Bingo.it's not believing if it's something you know. Therefore, god can't reveal himself to us, at least in an obvious ways. For this reason I mostly don't (didn't) believe in miracles, except maybe in cases when the people affected were already 'true' believers (not even then... it doesn't seem reasonable to me that god would have to do anything special to have things go 'his way')
Exactly this.Besides all of this, I don't think your argument holds. For starters, you need to believe in the accuracy of the gospels which is already hardly a good point. Also, how did he reveal himself through Jesus? To todays people (i.e. me) he didn't. Even to the people who lived all that, unless they saw the actual miracles and whatnot, he didn't. To a non believer, what's the difference between Jesus coming and saying 'I'm God's Son', and some crazy guy doing the same thing? unless he has something to show, he's not SHOWING god's existence. He leaves space for belief (unless you saw miracles or whatev, in which case I think you are still wrong since more or less everyone who did see miracles believed Jesus, according to the bible -lucky those who believe without seeing...).
To me, the Bible, Jesus, whatever, is (and don't be offended, it's for the sake of the argument) like reading about elephants. They tell me they exist, they are this or that way. Allright, you can believe it or not. But if suddenly I found an elephant in my living room, I would have to believe. That's what revelation is to me. The realization that God exists, the knowledge appearing in your head, being forced in, whatever, without a need for belief.
Are you serious? Aren't you making an argument for Evolution? Then how can you say we don't see new beings being created? And we don't turn our telescopes to the heavens to watch supernovae and other cosmic events? There are principles of creation at work in the universe that we can watch and examine.AngelofBitterness said:Your analogy is flawed, though: we see houses being built and kitchens being created. We are not seeing God create new beings or new planets. Everything was already here so it's a bad analogy.
tegid said:But... you are telling me that 'if you believe, it's obvious that he has revealed himself already'. I get your perspective, but the argument only holds from your perspective.
Maybe I wasn't being entirely clear. I wasn't trying or pretending to be objective. I wasn't proselytizing. I'm just saying that from the Christian side of the fence (or Muslim, or Bhuddist, or Taoist or ... hell, even Scientolegist) the issue of revelation isn't an issue.JCM said:Not much of revealing from a factual point, because one could say-
What Im saying is that belief cant be proven. People exist? Could be God. Could be Ganesh. Could be the rainbow snake. Easch one has different beliefs that require one to believe.
You're going to be disappointed by any ancient text. Nobody wrote history back then like we do today, with 100% unadulterated fact. Not the Gospel Writers, not Paul, not Herodotus. Everyone embellished, or put their own spin on things. Fox News keeps the tradition alive today, if you'd like a contemporary example :slywink:tegid said:Besides all of this, I don't think your argument holds. For starters, you need to believe in the accuracy of the gospels which is already hardly a good point.
The rest of this stuff ... I can't really answer for anybody but myself. I don't need a personal revelation. The revelation that happened two thousand years ago sparked the creation of a major world religion that affected the worldview of all of Europe. Five hundred years ago, after a long struggle with entrenched classical thinking, Christian Humanism was the spark that ignited the Renaissance. At some point during the Renaissance, secularism became the next big thing.tegid said:Also, how did he reveal himself through Jesus? To todays people (i.e. me) he didn't. Even to the people who lived all that, unless they saw the actual miracles and whatnot, he didn't. To a non believer, what's the difference between Jesus coming and saying 'I'm God's Son', and some crazy guy doing the same thing? unless he has something to show, he's not SHOWING god's existence. He leaves space for belief (unless you saw miracles or whatev, in which case I think you are still wrong since more or less everyone who did see miracles believed Jesus, according to the bible -lucky those who believe without seeing...).
Bingo.Rob King said:The rest of this stuff ... I can't really answer for anybody but myself. I don't need a personal revelation. The revelation that happened two thousand years ago sparked the creation of a major world religion that affected the worldview of all of Europe.
100% THIS. I hate when people ask if I believe in Evolution. My answer is always, "Do you believe in gravity?"drawn_inward said:Chazwozel said:[quote="Rob King":3nv51enk]I disagree with your wholesale dismissal of belief, but I agree with the gist of what you're saying.
Also, are those "Teach the Controversy" pictures shirt designs? Because if not, they would look awesome, and I would wear them.
Belief is fine and dandy. I'm an active Christian and have my own beliefs and faith, however, I would not, nor will I ever impose those beliefs or faith in my science classroom! It's just not science.
You can believe in creationism all you want, but it's not science. It just isn't. Evolution isn't out there to make itself a religion based on faith. There is no faith in science, only logic and fact. (well, not that kind of faith. I have to admit, I do my little voodoo dance to make sure my qPCR data is good. )
Right. I wasn't arguing that belief was superior, or that everyone must have some sort of religious belief. This all started because I said I disagreed with what I interpreted as your dismissal of belief as somehow suspect or otherwise bankrupt of value. I think we're actually on the same page, generally.JCM said:Bingo.Rob King said:The rest of this stuff ... I can't really answer for anybody but myself. I don't need a personal revelation. The revelation that happened two thousand years ago sparked the creation of a major world religion that affected the worldview of all of Europe.
This is a belief. Which everyone is entitled to, but as effective and sound in scientific discussion than someone saying the Great Chaz created the world when a drop of sweat fell from his brow.
That's not gravity. It's Satan trying to drag us down to hell. You can't prove I'm wrong because it's what I believe!@Li3n said:To be fair, evolution takes more then dropping a bowling ball on someone's foot as proof.
Not much though. It only takes a few generations of quick growing plants to prove evolution.@Li3n said:To be fair, evolution takes more then dropping a bowling ball on someone's foot as proof.
Yeah, and that's called gravity... because it's grave news... (i prefer the whole it's actually inertia because out flat planet if moving at incredible speed... or the whole "sins are weighing us down" thing).That's not gravity. It's Satan trying to drag us down to hell.
Damn my Google-fu! There's an xkcd about this if I remember correctly. They isolate a particle and ask it to explain gravity. It simply says "We get lonely."@Li3n said:(also, there are many theory's about gravity, coz we still have no idea what causes it... )
Right. I wasn't arguing that belief was superior, or that everyone must have some sort of religious belief. This all started because I said I disagreed with what I interpreted as your dismissal of belief as somehow suspect or otherwise bankrupt of value. I think we're actually on the same page, generally.Rob King said:Bingo.JCM said:[quote="Rob King":3tt11w7i]The rest of this stuff ... I can't really answer for anybody but myself. I don't need a personal revelation. The revelation that happened two thousand years ago sparked the creation of a major world religion that affected the worldview of all of Europe.
This is a belief. Which everyone is entitled to, but as effective and sound in scientific discussion than someone saying the Great Chaz created the world when a drop of sweat fell from his brow.
I'm not sure why you keep talking about creationism. I could have missed something, but as far as I can remember, nobody has been talking about creationism other than to mention it in passing, and laugh at the silly fundamentalists.Chibibar said:the belief system is bankrupt in value in the SCIENTIFIC community. No in the general community. I think that is the big difference people are trying to separate. The "belief community" i.e. Creationism is trying to wedge itself into the science community staying their system is the correct which is not even scientific and force their teaching in SCIENCE class. If you want to teach creationism in a religion class or philosophy, I don't think the scientific community would mind or care at all, but to teach in the science class........
might as well teach voodoo and witchcraft in science class too while we are at it and any other belief and magical thing. We can study unicorns and fairy in biology class.
cause that is the original "derail" of the thread when talking about evolution vs belief (i.e. creationism)Rob King said:I'm not sure why you keep talking about creationism. I could have missed something, but as far as I can remember, nobody has been talking about creationism other than to mention it in passing, and laugh at the silly fundamentalists.Chibibar said:the belief system is bankrupt in value in the SCIENTIFIC community. No in the general community. I think that is the big difference people are trying to separate. The "belief community" i.e. Creationism is trying to wedge itself into the science community staying their system is the correct which is not even scientific and force their teaching in SCIENCE class. If you want to teach creationism in a religion class or philosophy, I don't think the scientific community would mind or care at all, but to teach in the science class........
might as well teach voodoo and witchcraft in science class too while we are at it and any other belief and magical thing. We can study unicorns and fairy in biology class.
Oh, I see. That's the fish JCM was chasing, I think. I just wanted to make sure that genuine religious belief wasn't being thrown out altogether when he was declaring his distaste for the creationist fools. I'm not interested in discussing it, since I'm not a creationist.Chibibar said:cause that is the original "derail" of the thread when talking about evolution vs belief (i.e. creationism)Rob King said:I'm not sure why you keep talking about creationism. I could have missed something, but as far as I can remember, nobody has been talking about creationism other than to mention it in passing, and laugh at the silly fundamentalists.
If we're talking about the version that seems most popular with the crazies in the US then NO, coz it's stupid... if you're just talking about the general idea, that's already taught in religion class, innit.If you want to teach creationism in a religion class or philosophy
Right. I wasn't arguing that belief was superior, or that everyone must have some sort of religious belief. This all started because I said I disagreed with what I interpreted as your dismissal of belief as somehow suspect or otherwise bankrupt of value. I think we're actually on the same page, generally.Rob King said:Bingo.JCM said:[quote="Rob King":2ttm1cs4]The rest of this stuff ... I can't really answer for anybody but myself. I don't need a personal revelation. The revelation that happened two thousand years ago sparked the creation of a major world religion that affected the worldview of all of Europe.
This is a belief. Which everyone is entitled to, but as effective and sound in scientific discussion than someone saying the Great Chaz created the world when a drop of sweat fell from his brow.