I'm trying to make heads or tails of most of that, a bit "dumbed" down as to what this entails? I feel like my ISP is throttling me pretty hard and I'm curious if this has something to do with that.
If your ISP is throttling you, chances are good this won't help. But the instructions to set up your computer to use google's DNS servers is pretty easy, so you can test it out and if it doesn't help change back to your original settings.
Long explanation as to what DNS is and does for you, and how it affects your browsing experience:
The internet is made up of numbers. Each computer and server has an IP address, and if you want your computer to talk to Amazon's server, you have to tell your computer the IP address for amazon's server.
People aren't big on numbers, though, so the Dynamic Name Server (DNS) was created. This translates the domain "AMAZON.COM" into
72.21.194.1. Click on that and you'll see that is indeed Amazon's IP address.
DNS is designed to be distributed throughout the internet, which means that your ISP hosts their own DNS servers that talk to all the other DNS servers to figure out the name/number translations. A good DNS server keeps local copies of the translations for all the websites their customers go to, and checks them often enough that when IP addresses change, they get the update eventually. This is why you'll sometimes see people say, "We've changed servers/locations/IPs but it might take a day or so to propogate" - they already changed their DNS servers, and the root servers are probably changed, but local DNS servers might take up to a day to refresh their entries, so you might get the old IP address for awhile.
With your local DNS server at your ISP, your computer sends out a packet with "amazon.com" to the DNS server, and it sends one back with "72.21.194.1", then your computer goes to that IP address and gets the webpage:
1. Look up IP address (DNS). Browser status is "Looking for Amazon.com"
2. Establish TCP/IP connection. Browser status is "Connecting to Amazon.com"
3. Download web page, images, javascript, CSS, etc. Browser status is "Loading..."
If you ever see the browser status message "Looking for..." then your DNS server is not keeping up. There are a lot of reasons this might be the case, but usually it because you're a power user, and your router is acting as a DNS server. Your router doesn't have the brains or power to really keep up, though, so it's just acting as a middle-man for your ISP's DNS, and slowing things down. If your ISP's DNS is slow as well, then using Google's DNS server is not a bad option.