I want incandescent bulbs in my apartment. I have LEDs. The sockets say things like "Use 120V 60Hz MAX 7W Type self-ballasted CFL lamps" and "use E17 MAX 40W Type R Lamp" and I basically have no idea what that means for incandescent equivalent, or if incandescent bulbs are going to be a problem.
120V 60Hz - The light bulb needs to use standard AC voltage and frequency. You can get 12V bulbs that fit that type of socket, but they are rare and hard to find, so you can safely ignore this, any bulb you get that physically fits will meet this requirement.
MAX 7W Type self ballasted CFL lamp - the lamp fixture isn't capable of handling a high power compact fluorescent lamp, it can't dissipate the heat fast enough and the lamp will have a short lifetime. So the maximum CFL lamp it can handle is 7W. When you shop for a CFL bulb (the spiral ones) you'll see two W ratings - one is the incandescent equivalent. In this case you'd most likely find a "60W equivilant" CFL light bulb that actually uses "7W". Self ballasted means that it contains its own high voltage circuitry. Again, if you find a bulb that physically fits the socket, then it'll be self ballasted. You can safely ignore this.
That's bulb option number one - a standard CFL bulb of no more than 7 actual watts. However you have another choice:
E17 max 40W Type R Lamp - E17 is a socket shape, and is smaller than most household light fixtures. Type R is a reflector bulb, where the light and heat are reflected into a spotlight, so you could use an incandescent bulb, but here it says it can only go up to 40W. The type R bulb has a diffuser on the front so rather than a sharp spotlight there's a very soft edge. I don't know why the fixture specifies this, you could use a BR reflector bulb if you wanted.
So the upshot is that if you want to use an incandescent bulb, use an
E17 40W reflector incandescent:
Amazon product
Buy the ten pack because eventually you'll not be able to get incandescent bulbs.
If you have to go LED or CFL, get a "warm" color temperature, around 3500 kelvin. This will be a soft, yellow-ish light, similar to incandescent.