I'd like to some examination of what makes it modern, how far off from period music it is, and if the "Tiffany problem" is involved at all.
I've never actually listened to the song, and my Music degree has thirty years of accumulated dust, but I'll give it a go.
Here is the one I listened to, in case it's not the one you're referring to.
To start with, it does sound like a lute, which would put it somewhere in the Renaissance/Baroque period (15th-18th Century) when that instrument was popular. Aside from the reverb (we'll pretend it's being performed in a cathedral or cave) and the recurrent vocal fry (we'll pretend your bard has an affectation), it starts off fine on a strong tonic chord ("When a humble Bard") followed by a IV chord (i.e., based on "fa"), but I don't remember enough to tell you whether the chords that come after (especially ones like "along came
this") were in use until more modern times. Dissonant chords (6ths, 7ths, 9ths, etc) didn't really start become a thing until the 18th century. Renaissance and Baroque music were more about complexity and fast-moving and/or ornamented melodies played against strummed chords or some kind of
bass pedal basso continuo* or drone (or deadpan percussion accompaniment). Syncopated rhythms have been around since the 1300's, so that's fine.
But then at the 0:15 mark ("When the White Wolf fought") the bard begins to play in more of a fingerpicking style (low-high-low-high-low-high) which you don't really see until the 19th century (e.g., Spanish Classical guitar), and his flagrant
appoggiatura ("a silver-tongued...
devil") didn't go mainstream until very,
very late in the Baroque period.
At 0:50 he is joined by a second, lower stringed instrument (a
bass lute theorbo, maybe? Those were around in the Baroque period).
At 0:58 he does a long downward
glissando (not popular until mid-19th century).
And at 1:11 all pretense of period is lost when the electronic pads and hi-hat come in (
both not
introduced until the 1920's), at 1:20 we have the first hits of an obvious kick drum (rather than, say, an upright orchestral bass drum) to fill out the drum kit hinted at with the hi-hat. The throaty yell in "now
pour him some ale" is also reminiscent of early Jazz singing.
At 1:30 we get a touch of harpsichord, but those were all over Renaissance and Baroque times, so it's hardly out of place.
At around 2:00 we introduce what has to be a modern
upright concert harp, but those have apparently been around in a form close to their current one since the Baroque period so we'll give that one a pass.
At 2:55 we hear what sounds like some overdriven whistles/flutes/recorders and... a hurdy-gurdy, maybe? Amazingly, this is probably the least anachronistic, since they (or things very like them) have been around since the Macedonian dynasty(!), when years were still expressed with only
three digits.
Also I'd never heard of the "Tiffany problem," so thanks for that.
--Patrick
EDIT: Fixed "bass lute" (I couldn't remember the actual name), clarified a couple other things.
*Thanks to
@Ravenpoe for helping find a better term than "bass pedal tone."