None of your other suggested causes would have any affect if applied outside of the context of free market capitalism. It's the first prerequisite - even if you're a motivated entrepreneur, you aren't going to get anywhere if you're trapped in a system that is hostile to the entrepreneurial endeavor.
To which my response is that socialism isn't hostile to entrepreneurial endeavor, but rather the excesses of late stage capitalism as practiced in America. Socialism does not care if you start a restaurant or how successful it becomes, it only cares if you're paying your taxes into the system to provide for the welfare of the state and it's people. Or do you think there are no small businesses in Norway? Hell,
Peppes Pizza was started by two American immigrants in Norway and it serves 9 million pizzas a year in 11 cities, being the largest chain in the region. I've even been told it's decently good by a friend who visited Norway for a
Ghost concert. It's clear that the system allows for even widespread successes in the country.
My suggested confounds are not the end all/be all of potential confounds either. I'm not an economist, nor a sociologist; I simply have some experience with research methods... and the point of data analysis is to find such issues. Apparently no one has done such work over there for... whatever reason. I'm wondering if we're just not finding it because it's not published in English.
Also... did you READ that article? "Irreversible demographic trend"? "Genuine refugees"? "...skeptical of the ‘
thoroughly socialist’ Church of Norway"? "No-go zones" in Sweden? She talks like a white nationalist, where she's more afraid of sharing the streets with someone of a different culture than if they could potentially participate in her nation's way of life. No wonder there is a "violent and lawless underground"; the people aren't being allowed to get an education so they COULD become part of their society. I haven't heard so many dog whistles outside of a fucking pet store.
Maybe don't quote a magazine owned by the same guys who run
The Daily Telegraph next time?