North_Ranger said:
Well, I've read some about Jewish persecution in Europe. Some of the reasons along the years seem to have been:
1.) Money
It was considered a sin to take interest for lent money for Christians. The Jewish had no such religious ban, so they could lend money on interest - which in Christian Europe raised ires.
2.) Scapegoats
In the Middle Ages, Jews were often blamed for various catastrophes, both remote and local. The plague hit the city? Blame the Jews. And when charismatic leaders began to gather laymen to go and free Jerusalem from the Muslims, many of such spontaneous groups dissolved into looting and pillaging Jewish holdings, as well as killing Jews.
3.) Urban legends
I forget the date, but in the 15th century in Germany there were claims and rumors of Jews practising horrendous blood rites, usually involving killing and drinking the blood of a Christian child. These were mostly local, but they resulted in bloodshed nonetheless - Jews were killed "in retaliation".
4.) Cuius regio, eius religio
During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, this idea of "Whose realm, his religion" also put pressures on Jews, since they oftentimes refused to convert. However, it was already in the 1480s and 1490s when for instance the Spanish Inquisition insisted on consolidating the new Spanish state, formed by the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, by banishing the tradition of co-existence between Jews, Christians and Muslims. As a result, Jews were banished from Spain and conversos (Jews who had converted into Christiniaty) came under scrutiny. A converso could become under suspicion of secretly practising Judaism through different means: if the family had dressed in finer clothes on Friday evening in preparation for Sabbath, for instance.
Lets not also forget that the Bible and the Koran also warn against Jews, and their traditions have always taught them in the past that Jews were evil/bad/to be avoided/traitors.
An interesting site I found (no Islamic persecution listed, but believe me, it was just as bad)
Persecution of Jews by Roman Pagans:
bullet 70: The Roman Army destroyed Jerusalem, killed over 1 million Jews, took about 100,000 into slavery and captivity, and scattered many from Palestine to other locations in the Roman Empire.
bullet 113: Jews in Cyprus, Cyrene, Egypt and Mesopotamia revolted against the Roman Empire. This caused "the death of several hundreds of thousands of Romans and Jews." 1
bullet 132: Bar Kochba led a hopeless three-year revolt against the Roman Empire. Many Jews had accepted him as the Messiah. About a half-million Jews were killed; thousands were sold into slavery or taken into captivity. The rest were exiled from Palestine and scattered throughout the known world, adding to what is now called the "Diaspora." Judaism was no longer recognized as a legal religion. 2
bullet 135: Serious Roman persecution of the Jews began. They were forbidden, upon pain of death, from practicing circumcision, reading the Torah, eating unleavened bread at Passover, etc. A temple dedicated to the Roman pagan god Jupiter was erected on temple mountain in Jerusalem. A temple of Venus was built on Golgotha, just outside the city.
bullet 200: Roman Emperor Severus forbade religious conversions to Judaism.
horizontal rule
Sponsored link:
horizontal rule
Persecution of Jews by Christians:
Initial persecution of Jews was along religious lines. Persecution would cease if the person converted to Christianity.
306: The church Synod of Elvira banned marriages, sexual intercourse and community contacts between Christians and Jews. 3,4
315: Constantine published the Edict of Milan which extended religious tolerance to Christians. Jews lost many rights with this edict. They were no longer permitted to live in Jerusalem, or to proselytize.
325: The Council of Nicea decided to separate the celebration of Easter from the Jewish Passover. They stated: "For it is unbecoming beyond measure that on this holiest of festivals we should follow the customs of the Jews. Henceforth let us have nothing in common with this odious people...We ought not, therefore, to have anything in common with the Jews...our worship follows a...more convenient course...we desire dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from the detestable company of the Jews...How, then, could we follow these Jews, who are almost certainly blinded."
bullet 337: Christian Emperor Constantius created a law which made the marriage of a Jewish man to a Christian punishable by death.
bullet 339: Converting to Judaism became a criminal offense.
bullet 343-381: The Laodicean Synod approved Cannon XXXVIII: "It is not lawful [for Christians] to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety." 5
bullet 367 - 376: St. Hilary of Poitiers referred to Jews as a perverse people who God has cursed forever. St. Ephroem refers to synagogues as brothels.
bullet 379-395: Emperor Theodosius the Great permitted the destruction of synagogues if it served a religious purpose. Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire at this time.
bullet 380: The bishop of Milan was responsible for the burning of a synagogue; he referred to it as "an act pleasing to God."
bullet 415: The Bishop of Alexandria, St. Cyril, expelled the Jews from that Egyptian city.
bullet 415: St. Augustine wrote "The true image of the Hebrew is Judas Iscariot, who sells the Lord for silver. The Jew can never understand the Scriptures and forever will bear the guilt for the death of Jesus."
bullet 418: St. Jerome, who created the Vulgate translation of the Bible wrote of a synagogue: "If you call it a brothel, a den of vice, the Devil's refuge, Satan's fortress, a place to deprave the soul, an abyss of every conceivable disaster or whatever you will, you are still saying less than it deserves."
bullet 489 - 519: Christian mobs destroyed the synagogues in Antioch, Daphne (near Antioch) and Ravenna.
bullet 528: Emperor Justinian (527-564) passed the Justinian Code. It prohibited Jews from building synagogues, reading the Bible in Hebrew, assemble in public, celebrate Passover before Easter, and testify against Christians in court. 3
bullet 535: The "Synod of Claremont decreed that Jews could not hold public office or have authority over Christians." 3
bullet 538: The 3rd and 4th Councils of Orleans prohibited Jews from appearing in public during the Easter season. Canon XXX decreed that "From the Thursday before Easter for four days, Jews may not appear in the company of Christians." 5 Marriages between Christians and Jews were prohibited. Christians were prohibited from converting to Judaism. 4
bullet 561: The bishop of Uzes expelled Jews from his diocese in France.
bullet 612: Jews were not allowed to own land, to be farmers or enter certain trades.
bullet 613: Very serious persecution began in Spain. Jews were given the options of either leaving Spain or converting to Christianity. Jewish children over 6 years of age were taken from their parents and given a Christian education
bullet 692: Cannnon II of the Quinisext Council stated: "Let no one in the priestly order nor any layman eat the unleavened bread of the Jews, nor have any familiar intercourse with them, nor summon them in illness, nor receive medicines from them, nor bathe with them; but if anyone shall take in hand to do so, if he is a cleric, let him be deposed, but if a layman, let him be cut off." 5
bullet 694: The 17th Church Council of Toledo, Spain defined Jews as the serfs of the prince. This was based, in part, on the beliefs by Chrysostom, Origen, Jerome, and other Church Fathers that God punished the Jews with perpetual slavery because of their responsibility for the execution of Jesus. 5
bullet 722: Leo III outlawed Judaism. Jews were baptized against their will.
bullet 855: Jews were exiled from Italy
bullet 1050: The Synod of Narbonne prohibited Christians from living in the homes of Jews.
bullet 1078: "Pope Gregory VII decreed that Jews could not hold office or be superiors to Christians." 6
bullet 1078: The Synod of Gerona forced Jews to pay church taxes
bullet 1096: The First Crusade was launched in this year. Although the prime goal of the crusades was to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims, Jews were a second target. As the soldiers passed through Europe on the way to the Holy Land, large numbers of Jews were challenged: "Christ-killers, embrace the Cross or die!" 12,000 Jews in the Rhine Valley alone were killed in the first Crusade. This behavior continued for 8 additional crusades until the 9th in 1272.
bullet 1099: The Crusaders forced all of the Jews of Jerusalem into a central synagogue and set it on fire. Those who tried to escape were forced back into the burning building.
bullet 1121: Jews were exiled from Flanders (now part of present-day Belgium)
bullet 1130: Some Jews in London allegedly killed a sick man. The Jewish people in the city were required to pay 1 million marks as compensation.
bullet 1146: The Second Crusade began. A French Monk, Rudolf, called for the destruction of the Jews.
bullet 1179: Canon 24 of the Third Lateran Council stated: "Jews should be slaves to Christians and at the same time treated kindly due of humanitarian considerations." Canon 26 stated that "the testimony of Christians against Jews is to be preferred in all causes where they use their own witnesses against Christians." 7
bullet 1180: The French King of France, Philip Augustus, arbitrarily seized all Jewish property and expelled the Jews from the country. There was no legal justification for this action. They were allowed to sell all movable possessions, but their land and houses were stolen by the king.
bullet 1189: Jews were persecuted in England. The Crown claimed all Jewish possessions. Most of their houses were burned.